Digital logic and electronic circuits rely on transistors, which are electronically controlled switches made from semiconductors. The properties of semiconductors can be accurately controlled by adding small amounts of other elements in a process called doping. Transistors are constructed by creating layers of differently doped semiconductor materials. Bipolar-junction transistors (BJTs) and field-effect transistors (FETs) are two common types of transistors. Diodes are also created using N-type and P-type silicon. Integrated circuits (ICs), which integrate multiple transistors and diodes onto the same small semiconductor chip, were invented in 1959 and referred to as ICs. ICs have many small components that are already wired together in the desired topology to form a circuit. ICs generally follow one of two main transistor technologies: bipolar or metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS). MOS technologies account for the majority of digital logic ICs, and complementary-MOS (CMOS) has been the dominant process technology since the 1980s.
cur_pkt_num);
buf_node->state = STATE_SORTED;
/..." />
